The systems approach views organizations as open systems interacting with their environment. We explore General Systems Theory, open and closed systems, entropy and negative entropy, and the input–output–feedback cycle. We also highlight holistic views, information flow, and sustainability as essential features of organizational success. This lecture supports learners preparing for PhD programs, science exams, doctoral qualification, associate professorship exams, and MBA preparation.

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Reference Used: Koçel, Tamer (2018). İşletme Yöneticiliği. İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayım.

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